Warna-Warna Berbagai Unsur

Colour of Unknown Substances	Chemicals/Ions
Black	Copper(II) oxide, CuO
	Iron(II) oxide, FeO
	Manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2
	Iodine crystals, I2

Colour of Unknown Substances	Chemicals/Ions
Blue	Copper(II), Cu2+	Examples: Hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O Aqueous copper(II) sulfate solution, CuSO4(aq) Hydrated copper(II) nitrate crystals, Cu(NO3)2.3H2O Aqueous copper(II) nitrate solution, Cu(NO3)2(aq)
	Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride, CoCl2

Colour of Unknown Substances	Chemicals/Ions
Brown	I2 (solution)
	Lead(IV) oxide, PbO2
Reddish-brown	Iron(III), Fe3+	Examples: Hydrated iron(III) nitrate crystals, Fe(NO3)3.9H2O Aqueous iron(III) nitrate solution, Fe(NO3)3(aq)                                                                                                            Iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3
	Copper metal

Colour of Unknown Substances	Chemicals /Ions
Green / Light Green	Iron(II), Fe2+	Examples: Hydrated iron(II) sulfate crystals, FeSO4.7H2O Aqueous iron(II) sulfate solution, FeSO4(aq)
	Copper(II), Cu2+	Examples: Copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3 Hydrated copper(II) chloride crystals, CuCl2.2H2O
Purple	Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4
Orange	Potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7

Colour of Unknown Substances	Chemicals/Ions
Yellow	Lead(II) oxide, PbO
	Lead(II) iodide, PbI2,	See the web site below for the test for iodide http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQ_sJTQAnRM
	Silver bromide, AgBr (Pale yellow)
	Silver iodide, AgI

Colour of Unknown Substances	Chemicals/Ions
Grey	Metals (in powder form)	Examples: Zinc powder Aluminium powder Iron powder
Pink	Co2+ (hydrated)	Hydrated cobalt(II) chloride crystals, CoCl2.6H2O Aqueous cobalt(II) chloride solution, CoCl2(aq)

Colour of Unknown Substances	Chemicals/Ions
White	Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Al3+ (Absence of salts like iron(II), iron(III), copper(II) and other transition elements)
Colourless Solution	Dilute acids, alkalis, hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)

(B) Action of Heat on Carbonates

Cation	Observations/Gas evolved	Equation
Na+	White residue; Water vapour evolved	Na2CO3.10H2O(s)  ®  Na2CO3(s)  +  10H2O(g)     white crystals         white powder
K+	White residue	Not decomposed
Ca2+	White residue; carbon dioxide evolved	CaCO3(s)  ®  CaO(s)  +  CO2(g)  white               white
Zn2+	Residue is yellow when hot and white when cold; carbon dioxide evolved	ZnCO3(s)    ®       ZnO(s)        +     CO2(g) white                  yellow –hot                           white - cold
Pb2+	Yellow (orange) residue; carbon dioxide evolved	PbCO3(s)  >  PbO(s)  +  CO2(g)  white             yellow
Al3+	White residue; carbon dioxide evolved	Al2(CO3)3(s)  >  Al2O3(s)  +  3CO2(g)   white                 white
Cu2+	Black residue; carbon dioxide evolved	CuCO3(s)  >  CuO(s)  +  CO2(g)   green             black
Fe2+	Black residue turning reddish brown on contact with air (oxidation); carbon dioxide evolved	FeCO3(s)  >  FeO(s)  +  CO2(g) green             black 4FeO(s)  +  O2(g)  > 2Fe2O3(s)                     air           reddish-brown
Fe3+	Reddish-brown residue; carbon dioxide evolve	Fe2(CO3)3(s)  >  Fe2O3(s)     +       3CO2(g)   brown             reddish-brown

Referensi:

Dikiyana. (2016, Agustus ). Memahami Normalias Secara Lengkap. Diakses 22 September 2017.  Tulisan pada https://dikiyanawahyu.blogspot.co.id/2016/08/memahami-normalitas-secara-lengkap.html